Adaptation of the Cuban version of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale.

This study explores the psychometric properties of the Cuban version of Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS). The sample comprised 376 Cuban participants. Concurrent validity and reliability were examined. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed. The CAS showed excellent psychometric characteristics. The internal consistency was very good (α = 0.88). There was a positive correlation between the CAS and the FCV-19S and an inverse association between anxiety and self-perceived quality of health. The results confirmed the presence of a single factor. The CAS is a valid and reliable instrument to explore the experience of anxiety in the Cuban population.

Anxiety, Health Self-Perception, and Worry About the Resurgence of COVID-19 Predict Fear Reactions Among Genders in the Cuban Population.

The resurgence of COVID-19 could deepen the psychological impacts of the pandemic which poses new challenges for mental health professionals. Among the actions that should be prioritized is the monitoring of the groups that have shown greater psychological vulnerability during the first stage of the pandemic. The first aim of our study is to explore the fear reactions to COVID-19 between genders during the second wave of the outbreak in Cuba. Second, establish possible predictors of fear of COVID-19 in relation to gender. Specifically, we will evaluate how anxiety related to COVID-19, health self-perception, and worry about the resurgence of COVID-19 predict fear reactions among women and men in the Cuban population. A cross-sectional online study was designed. The research was conducted between August 16 and October 18, 2020. A total of 373 people completed the online survey. A socio-demographic questionnaire, the Fear of COVID-19 Scale and the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale were used. An independent-samples t-test was conducted to compare the fear, worry, anxiety and self-perceived health scores, between genders. The relationship between those variables and fear of COVID-19, was investigated using Pearson correlation coefficient. Finally, multiple linear regression was used to evaluate the possible associations (predictors) related to fear of COVID-19. In our study, women, compared to men, presented greater fear reactions, greater concern about resurgence of COVID-19 and poorer self-perceived health. Anxiety reactions in our sample showed no differences between genders. In women, anxiety of COVID-19, worry about resurgence of COVID-19, and self-perceived health are associated with fear reactions to COVID-19. In the case of men, the self-perceived health showed no associations with fear reactions. Our results confirm the results of several related investigations during the first wave of the pandemic where women have shown greater psychological vulnerability compared to men. However, we cannot rule out that the real impact of the pandemic on mental health in men is much greater than that described by the studies conducted to date. Additional studies are needed on the psychological impact of COVID-19 on men.

Ansiedad, depresión, bienestar subjetivo y salud mental general en reclusos / Anxiety, depression, subjective well-being and general mental health in inmates

Introducción: El estudio de variables psicológicas asociadas al encarcelamiento, reviste esencial importancia en la actualidad. Se ha reportado la vivencia de estados psicológicos patológicos en individuos dentro de las prisiones. Objetivo: Describir los estados de ansiedad, depresión, bienestar psicológico y el estado de salud mental general de los reclusos en regímenes de prisión provisional y prisión severa. Métodos: Se empleó un enfoque cuantitativo con un tipo de estudio transversal y descriptivo, mediante el uso de cuestionarios. La población fueron los internos de los regímenes de prisión provisional y severos (grupo de prisión provisional y grupo de severos). Los instrumentos empleados fueron: Escala de Bienestar Subjetivo; Cuestionario de Salud Mental General de Goldberg; Escala de Zung y Conde; e Inventario de Situaciones y Respuestas de Ansiedad. Los datos se analizaron mediante el paquete estadístico SPSS para Windows: versión 22.0. Se utilizó la estadística descriptiva y la Prueba T para muestras independientes. El estudio se llevó a cabo entre enero y mayo de 2019. Resultados: Se observó alta percepción del deterioro de la salud mental general. El bienestar subjetivo mostró valores similares en ambos grupos, con mínimas diferencias entre los altos y bajos niveles de bienestar. La mayoría de los participantes mostró niveles de ansiedad moderada. La vivencia de depresión también fue elevada; se observó distimia moderada y grave. Todos los participantes del régimen de prisión provisional, presentaron alguna variante de depresión. Conclusiones: Se encontraron altos niveles de ansiedad, depresión y un alto deterioro de la salud mental general. Se reportaron bajos índices de percepción de bienestar subjetivo(AU)

Introduction: The study of psychological variables associated with incarceration is of essential importance today. The experience of pathological psychological states has been reported in individuals within prisons. Objective: To describe the states of anxiety, depression, psychological well-being and the general state of mental health of inmates in provisional prison and severe prison regimes. Methods: A quantitative approach was used with a type of cross-sectional and descriptive study through surveys. The population was the inmates of the provisional and severe prison regimes. The instruments used were: Subjective Well-being Scale; Goldberg General Mental Health Questionnaire; Zung and Conde scale; and Inventory of Anxiety Situations and Responses. The data were analyzed using the statistical package SPSS for Windows: version 22.0. Descriptive statistics and the T-test were used for independent samples. The study was carried out from January to May 2019. Results: A high perception of the deterioration of general mental health was observed. Subjective well-being showed similar values in both sample groups, with minimal differences between high and low levels of well-being. Most of the participants showed moderate anxiety levels. The experience of depression was also high; moderate and severe dysthymia were observed. All the participants of the provisional prison regime presented some variant of depression. Conclusions: High levels of anxiety, depression and a high deterioration of general mental health were found. Low rates of subjective well-being perception were reported(AU)

Subjective Well-being during the Pandemic: A Pilot Study in the Cuban Population.

Background: The study of aspects related to positive mental health and well-being in the general population with a gender approach is a necessity in the current context imposed by COVID-19. Objective: To explore gender as a predictor of subjective well-being during COVID-19 in a sample of the Cuban population. Design: A cross-sectional web-based survey design was adopted. The sample consisted of 129 Cuban participants. The Subjective Well-being-Reduced Scale (SW-RS) was used to explore subjective well-being in the sample. Descriptive statistics were used to explore the participants' characteristics. A multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify variables independently associated with the participants' subjective well-being. Results: The gender of participants significantly predicted subjective well-being levels. The probability of males having middle or high levels of subjective well-being, rather than low levels, was 4.16 times greater than in females. The probability of males having a high self-image instead of a low one was 4.35 times greater than in females. According to the self-satisfaction dimension, the odds of males having high rather than low self-satisfaction were five times more than in females. In this sample, gender did not predict whether participants had middle or high levels of the hedonic dimension. Conclusion: Our results corroborated international studies that have indicated the coincidence of lower well-being and greater psychosocial risk in women during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results also indicated the need to dig deeper into the experiences of subjective well-being from a gender perspective, and to strengthen the sufficiency and effectiveness of the actions and guidance that are offered to the population from psychological care services, the media, and public policies.

Conocimiento sobre la enfermedad renal crónica en jóvenes universitarios cubanos / Knowledge about chronic kidney disease in young Cuban university students

INTRODUCCIÓN: La alfabetización en salud se reconoce como resultado del proceso de educación para la salud. El conocimiento sobre estilos de vida saludables o las medidas necesarias para evitar el desarrollo o progreso de enfermedades es importante en etapas vulnerables como la juventud. OBJETIVO: Evaluar el conocimiento que poseen los jóvenes universitarios cubanos sobre la enfermedad renal crónica. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal. El estudio se llevó a cabo en la Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de las Villas, (Cuba). Se obtuvo una muestra de 420 estudiantes mediante muestreo probabilístico aleatorio estratificado. Se empleó como instrumento el Cuestionario de conocimiento sobre la enfermedad renal crónica. Además se estudiaron otras variables como sexo, edad, carrera, facultad, año académico y provincia de residencia. RESULTADOS: El 55,7% de los jóvenes no tenía conocimientos previos sobre la enfermedad renal. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los hombres y las mujeres en cuanto nivel de conocimiento por categorías temáticas. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la puntuación total del Cuestionario entre las diferentes facultades y años académicos. CONCLUSIONES: Se reconoce un mayor nivel de conocimiento en las categorías temáticas síntomas, características y detección de la enfermedad renal crónica y factores predisponentes, mientras que la categoría de comorbilidades asociadas mostró los peores resultados. Las facultades de Construcciones, Matemática, Física y Computación e Ingeniería Mecánica e Industrial mostraron mejores resultados en las respuestas ofrecidas

INTRODUCTION: Health literacy is recognized as a result of the health education process. Knowledge about healthy lifestyles or measures necessary to avoid the development or progression of diseases is important in vulnerable stages such as youth. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the knowledge that young Cuban university students have about chronic kidney disease. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Cross-sectional descriptive observational study. The study was carried out at the Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de las Villas, (Cuba). A sample of 420 students was obtained by stratified random probability sampling. The knowledge questionnaire on chronic kidney disease was used as an instrument. In addition, other variables such as sex, age, university degree, faculty, academic year and province of residence were collected. RESULTS: 55.7% of the young people had no previous knowledge about kidney disease. No statistically significant differences were found between men and women in terms of level of knowledge by subject categories. Statistically significant differences were found in the total score of the questionnaire between the different faculties and academic years. CONCLUSIONS: A higher level of knowledge is recognized in the thematic categories focused on symptoms, characteristics and detection of chronic kidney disease and predisposing factors, while the category related to associated comorbidities showed the worst results. The Faculties of Construction, Mathematics, Physics and Computing, and Mechanical and Industrial Engineering showed better results in the answers offered

Propiedades psicométricas del Cuestionario de Personalidad Resistente (versión no laboral) en la población cubana / Psychometric properties of the Hardiness Questionnaire (non-work version) in the Cuban population

Resumen: La personalidad resistente constituye un constructo de suma importancia en la protección de la salud, por lo cual es imprescindible la adaptación y validación de instrumentos que permitan evaluarla. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar las propiedades psicométricas del Cuestionario de Personalidad Resistente (versión no laboral) en la población cubana. Se efectuó un estudio instrumental que incluyó 400 sujetos residentes en 6 provincias de Cuba. La edad media fue de 48 (±14.7) años; el 54.5 % de la muestra fue del sexo femenino. Se estimaron tres modelos, de ellos el que mostró mejores índices de ajuste fue el trifactorial (control, implicación y reto) con un factor de segundo orden (personalidad resistente) reducido a partir de la eliminación de dos reactivos. Se obtuvieron valores aceptables de confiabilidad tanto global (a=0.83) como en cada dimensión: control y reto (a=0.77) e implicación (a=0.70). La validez concurrente aporta evidencia sobre el valor de las subescalas control y compromiso.

Abstract: The hardiness is a variable of great importance in the protection of health, so the validation and adaptation of instruments to evaluate it are necessary. The objective of the research was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Hardiness Questionnaire (non-work version) for a sample of the Cuban population. An instrumental study was carried out based on the quantitative research paradigm. The sample selection was made based on a cluster sampling that included 400 subjects residing in six provinces of the country. The standard age chosen was 48 (±14.7); 54.5 % of the simple was for females. Three models were estimated, the one who showed better scores was the trifactorial one (control, implication and challenge) with a factor of a second order (hardiness) reduced from the elimination of two reactive. Some acceptable figures of reliability were obtained, both global (a=0.83) and as in each dimension: control and challenge (a=0.77) and implication (a=0.70). The recurrent validity brings evidence of the value of the subscales control and commitment.

Conocimiento sobre la enfermedad renal crónica en estudiantes de psicología en Cuba / nowledge about chronic kidney disease in psychology students in Cuba

INTRODUCCIÓN: La alfabetización en salud es de vital importancia en etapas vulnerables como la juventud para evitar el padecimiento de enfermedades crónicas. OBJETIVO: Evaluar el nivel de conocimiento sobre la enfermedad renal crónica en estudiantes de Psicología de la Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de la Villas (UCLV). MÉTODOS: Diseño mixto secuencial con alcance exploratorio-descriptivo. Conformaron la muestra 125 estudiantes de Psicología de la UCLV a partir del muestreo intencional - no probabilístico. Se emplearon como instrumentos el Cuestionario de conocimiento sobre la enfermedad renal crónica y la entrevista grupal. RESULTADOS: Se constató que los estudiantes poseen un bajo nivel de conocimiento sobre la enfermedad siendo el primer año quien obtuvo la mayor cantidad de respuestas negativas. CONCLUSIONES: Se reconoce un mayor nivel de conocimiento sobre la Anatomía y funciones del sistema urinario, y por el contrario sobre las Comorbilidades asociadas. La percepción de los estudiantes sobre la ERC se configura en torno a experiencias personales y la modificación del estilo de vida.

INTRODUCTION: Health literacy is of vital importance in vulnerable stages such as youth to avoid suffering from chronic diseases. OBJECTIVE: To assess the level of knowledge about chronic kidney disease in Psychology students of the Central University "Marta Abreu" de la Villas (UCLV). METHODS: Sequential mixed design with an exploratory-descriptive scope. The sample consisted of 125 UCLV Psychology students from intentional -non-probability sampling. The knowledge questionnaire on chronic kidney disease and the group interview were used as instruments. RESULTS: It was found that students have a low level of knowledge about the disease, being the first year the one with the highest number of negative responses. CONCLUSIONS: A higher level of knowledge on the Anatomy and functions of the urinary system is recognized, and on the contrary, on the associated Comorbidities. Students' perception of CKD is configured around personal experiences and lifestyle modification.

Factores psicosociales en la adherencia terapéutica del paciente en hemodiálisis / Psychosocial factors in the therapeutic adherence of the hemodialysis patient

La adherencia al tratamiento resulta una problemática que incide en los servicios de hemodiálisis y complejiza la calidad de vida de los pacientes. El artículo expone las características del paciente hemodializado y reflexiona sobre las conductas no adhesivas al tratamiento y su impacto sobre el estado de salud. Se discuten resultados de investigaciones realizadas en este contexto, identificándose que la relación médico-paciente, el tipo de tratamiento, los efectos adversos al tratamiento farmacológico que acompañan la terapia dialítica y las características personales del enfermo se establecen como factores con marcada incidencia sobre la conducta no adherente.

Adherence to treatment is a problem that affects hemodialysis services and complicates the quality of life. The article aims to reflect on non-adhesive behaviors to dialysis treatment and its impact on the health status of patients. Results of research carried out in this context are discussed, identifying the doctor-patient relationship, type of treatment, adverse effects to pharmacological treatment that accompany dialysis therapy and personal characteristics of the patient as factors with marked incidence on non-adherent behavior.

Apoyo social y resiliencia: factores protectores en cuidadores principales de pacientes en hemodiálisis / Social support and resilience: protective factors in primary caregivers of patients on hemodialysis

Introducción: Garantizar el cuidado del paciente en hemodiálisis se reconoce como una actividad compleja, exigente y estresante a la cual se expone de manera reiterada el cuidador. El apoyo social y la resiliencia constituyen factores protectores que permiten amortiguar el impacto del estrés en la salud mental de los cuidadores. Objetivo: Analizar el apoyo social y la resiliencia como factores protectores en los cuidadores de pacientes en hemodiálisis. Material y Método: Estudio mixto secuencial con alcance descriptivo. La selección muestral se realizó de forma intencional-no probabilística para una muestra de 67 cuidadores de pacientes en hemodiálisis asistentes al Servicio de tratamiento sustitutivo durante el 2018. Se emplearon como instrumentos un Cuestionario de variables sociodemográficas, el Cuestionario de apoyo social funcional Duke-UNK-11 y la Escala reducida de Resiliencia Connor-Davidson. Se desarrollaron entrevistas grupales para la recogida de información cualitativa. Resultados: La percepción de apoyo social así como las dimensiones de apoyo afectivo y confidencial se expresan en niveles medios y bajos, distinguiéndose la familia como la principal red de apoyo para los cuidadores. La resiliencia alcanza niveles medio y alto siendo el optimismo, el sentido del humor y el establecimiento de relaciones sociales los principales mecanismos resilientes para enfrentar la actividad de cuidado. Conclusiones: El apoyo social y la resiliencia se comportan como factores protectores en los cuidadores estudiados. Se constituyen como los principales recursos psicológicos amortiguadores del estrés que ofrecen una perspectiva diferente y enriquecedora para enfrentar situaciones adversas de manera efectiva en los cuidadores

Introduction: Ensuring the care in hemodialysis patient is a complex, demanding and stressful activity to which the caregiver is repeatedly exposed. Social support and resilience are protective factors that allow to mitigate the impact of stress on the caregiver's mental health. Objective: Analyze social support and resilience as protective factors in caregivers of patients on hemodialysis. Material and Method: A sequential mixed model design with descriptive scope. A non-probability sampling was made for a sample of 67 caregivers of hemodialysis patients attending the Substitute Treatment Service during 2018. A questionnaire of sociodemographic variables, the Duke-UNK-11 Functional Social Support Questionnaire and the Connor-Davidson Reduced Resilience Scale were used as instruments. Group interviews were developed for the collection of qualitative information. Result: The perceptions of social support as well as the dimensions of affective and confidential support are expressed in medium and low levels, distinguishing the family as the main support network for caregivers. Resilience reaches medium and high levels, with optimism, a sense of humor and the establishment of social relationships as the main resilient mechanisms to approach the care activity. Conclusions: Social support and resilience operate as protective factors in the caregivers studied. Both are considered as the main psychological resources to mitigate stress. Also they offer a different and enriching perspective to face adverse situations effectively in caregivers

Ansiedad, depresión y sobrecarga en cuidadores de adultos centenarios / Anxiety, depression and work overload in centenarian adults caregivers

Introducción: La asistencia y atención de los adultos centenarios exige las funciones del cuidador principal, que, siendo miembro de la familia o no, asume la responsabilidad del cuidado. Esta actividad posee amplias repercusiones para la salud y bienestar de quien asume el rol, en tanto supone una situación de estrés que incrementa el riesgo de padecer dificultades emocionales. Objetivo: Determinar los niveles de ansiedad, depresión y sobrecarga en cuidadores principales de adultos centenarios. Métodos: Se utilizó un diseño no experimental transversal con alcance exploratorio-descriptivo. La selección de la muestra fue no probabilística o dirigida y quedó conformada por 30 cuidadores principales de adultos centenarios. Se emplearon como técnicas la entrevista, el Inventario de ansiedad rasgo-estado (IDARE), el Inventario de depresión rasgo-estado (IDERE) y la Escala de Zarit. Resultados: Se identificó en los cuidadores un predominio del género femenino en el ejercicio del rol con un rango de edad entre los 53 a 78 años. Se evidenciaron niveles medios en la ansiedad como rasgo y en la ansiedad como estado, aunque no se determinaron diferencias significativas entre los niveles altos y medios de la ansiedad como estado. Se constataron elevados niveles de depresión como estado en los cuidadores no existiendo diferencias significativas entre los niveles altos, medios y bajos de depresión como rasgo. Para la muestra de estudio no se evidencia sobrecarga en el 86,7 por ciento de los cuidadores principales en relación con el ejercicio del rol. Conclusiones: Los cuidadores principales no se perciben sobrecargados y experimentan niveles medios de ansiedad ante situaciones puntuales y generales. Los niveles de la depresión rasgo no presentan diferencias significativas, mientras que la depresión estado manifiesta niveles altos(AU)

Introduction: The care and attention of centenarian adults requires the functions of a primary caregiver, who, being a member of the family or not, assumes that responsibility. It has wide repercussions on the health and well-being of the one who assumes the caring role as well as supposes a situation of stress that increases the risk of suffering emotional difficulties. Objective: To determine levels of anxiety, depression and overload in primary caregivers of centenarian adults. Methods: A non-experimental cross-sectional design with exploratory-descriptive scope. The selection of the sample was non-probabilistic nor directed, is conformed by 30 main caregivers of centenarian adults. The main techniques applied were interviews, the trait-state anxiety inventory (IDARE), the trait-state depression inventory (IDERE) and Zarit's scale. Results: A predominance of the female gender in the exercise of the role was identified in the caregivers with a range between 53 and 78 years old. It were determined average levels of anxiety as a trait and state, although no significant differences were found between the high and medium levels of anxiety as a state. There were high levels of depression as a condition in the caregivers, but no significant differences between the high, medium and low levels of depression as a trait. In this study sample, the 86.7 percent of caregivers does not presents work overload in relation to the exercise of their role. Conclusions: Primary caregivers are not perceived as overloaded and experience average levels of anxiety in specific and general situations. The levels of the depression trait do not present significant differences whereas the depression state showed high levels(AU)

Estrategias de afrontamiento al estrés en cuidadores de pacientes en hemodiálisis / Stress coping strategies in caregivers of hemodialysis patients

La enfermedad renal demanda la asistencia de un cuidador. El cuidador del paciente en hemodiálisis se encuentra expuesto a situaciones de estrés generadas por la actividad de cuidado. Determinar las estrategias de afrontamiento al estrés en cuidadores de pacientes en hemodiálisis y establecer la correlación entre las estrategias y la variable edad de los cuidadores. Estudio cuantitativo con alcance descriptivo-correlacional. Se analizaron 48 cuidadores de pacientes hemodializados asistentes al Servicio de hemodiálisis durante el 2016. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables: estrategias de afrontamiento, sexo, edad, nivel de escolaridad, años como cuidador y vínculo laboral. Se aplicaron la entrevista estructurada y el Cuestionario de Afrontamiento al Estrés. Se evidencia un predominio de las mujeres en el desempeño del rol como cuidador para un 81% de la muestra con una media de 48 años de edad. La focalización en la solución del problema y la reevaluación positiva se reconocen como las estrategias de afrontamiento empleadas con mayor frecuencia por los cuidadores. Se evidencia una correlación débil entre la variable edad y las estrategias de afrontamiento al estrés para un valor p<0.05 y con un nivel de confianza del 95%. Existe un predominio del género femenino en el 81% de los cuidadores para una media de edad de 48 años y un nivel de escolarización medio superior. Las estrategias de afrontamiento al estrés empleadas se centran en la solución del problema. No existe relación entre las edades de los cuidadores y las estrategias de afrontamiento empleadas (AU)

Kidney disease demand the assistance of a carer. The caregiver of the patient on hemodialysis is exposed to situations of stress generated by the activity of care. Determine the coping strategies to stress in caregivers of patients in hemodialysis and determine the correlation between the strategies and the variable age of caregivers. Quantitative study with a descriptive- correlational study. We analyzed 48 caregivers of patients attending the hemodialysis service during 2016. We performed a descriptive analysis of the variables: coping strategies, sex, age, educational level, and years as a caregiver and labor bond. We applied the structured interview and the questionnaire of coping with stress. There is a predominance of women in the performance of the role as a caregiver for a 81% of the sample with an average of 48 years of age. The focus on the solution of the problem and the positive reevaluation are recognized as the coping strategies most commonly used by caregivers. We found a weak correlation between age and coping strategies to stress to a value of p<0.05 and with a confidence level of 95%. There is a predominance of the female gender in the 81% of caregivers for an average age of 48 years and a higher average level of schooling. The stress-coping strategies employed focus on the solution of the problem. There is no relationship between the ages of carers and the coping strategies employed (AU)